Researching a Chicago Mystery at State & Madison

Recently, we were asked why State Street was not straight, but jogged over at Madison Avenue. It’s a spot we know well, but couldn’t answer off the top of our heads. So, these past two weeks I’ve been researching Chicago. Usually, the Chicago Detours guides make Chicago architecture and history look easy, but let me tell you. It’s not. At least not this time.

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Researching Chicago

State and Madison Intersection

While I truly enjoy the thrill of archival digging, there were points in this endeavor when I wanted to rip my hair out trying to answer this. I am by no means an expert at researching Chicago, so experienced hands may have known the shortcuts. Still, here’s just a shortened version that shows the “behind the scenes” of Chicago Detours and how we come up with answers to tour questions.

I wasn’t really sure where to start but most of my research ended up looking at tons of maps from the UIC Digital Collection, the University of Chicago Library’s Map Collection,  maps of streetcar routes, the Chicago History Museum Research Center, to the Harold Washington Library’s Chicago City-Wide Collection of original, oversize maps.

This was frustrating though because most maps of the city don’t even acknowledge the slight misalignment of the intersection. Two helpful resources were the Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps as well as GoogleMaps, but maps wouldn’t suffice enough information on their own, I’d have to find documentation from Chicago’s earliest days. Researching Chicago never ends!

Librarians to the Rescue!

The friendly staff  at Harold Washington Library’s Special Collections assisted me at this point. They found multiple articles from historical Chicago Tribune articles that referenced the development of the State and Madison intersection. From this historical newspapers here is a brief synopsis of State Street:

  • State Road began as a Native American mud trail between Chicago and Vincennes, Indiana, called the “Vincennes Trace.”
  • A 60-foot-wide street was laid northward from Madison to the river in 1839. The portion south of Madison was laid in 1858. This was done to accommodate the first street car lines of the city.
  • I thought I may have hit the jackpot with this article of the Chicago Tribune, dated August 30, 1891:
    • “You may have noticed how much wider State street is from the river to Madison street than it is from Madison street south…In the early days there was a two-story brick market-house in State street at a point between the river and Randolph street. Of course, in establishing the market-house in the street it was necessary that the thoroughfare should be wider than the ordinary street. At that time State street did not extend any further south than Madison. The old market-house occupied the place until nearly 1860.”
  • A “market-house” was a public, multiple story building. It had a market on the ground level and housed public and civic functions on the top level. Market-houses required lots of outdoor space surrounding it for gatherings and foot traffic.

What’s in a Plat?

So then why is State Street not as wide all the way south? For this, Chicago Detours turned to the experts of the Committee on Geographical Studies at the University of Chicago. Professor Michael P. Conzen, chairman of the Committee answered our question:

“State street, technically does not bend at Madison, but narrows south of it. This is because, heading south at that point, you pass from the ORIGINAL TOWN PLAT (1830, Illinois Canal Commissioners) to the SCHOOL SECTION (Sec. 16, township and range system), and those who bought land there platted narrower streets, wanting more land in private space to maximize profits.”

What Dr. Conzen is referring to is the first survey taken of Chicago showing proposed lots taken in 1830. That’s before Chicago was even a township. The areas south of Madison were sold and developed 3 years later than the those areas north of the intersection. In just those three years, land value had raised substantially. Those landowners, like real-estate magnate and retailer Potter Palmer, pushed their plots to the very edge. After all, they’d make more money that way.

Maps, historical newspapers, expert advice – I gave this question my all! Hopefully this gives you an idea of the of strategies and effort research entails.

– Marianna Foral, Research & Editorial Intern

ABOUT CHICAGO DETOURS

Chicago Detours is a boutique tour company passionate about connecting people to places and each other through the power of storytelling. We bring curious people to explore, learn and interact with Chicago’s history, architecture and culture through in-person private group tourscontent production, and virtual tours.

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Ellen

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There is no shortage of things to discover in Chicago—I love being an urban explorer and uncovering its hidden places. I have an MA in Public History from Loyola University Chicago, and I have worked as a museum educator and kindergarten teacher. My desire to learn new things fuels my passion for educating others, which I get to experience every day as a Chicago tour guide. I live in the northern neighborhood of Rogers Park.

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Whether you are a first-time visitor or a lifelong resident, the vibrant history and modern majesty of Chicago never ceases to amaze. I’m a graduate of Columbia College with an M.A. in Interdisciplinary Art. I’ve worked for many years as an educator at City Colleges of Chicago. As tour guide at Chicago Detours, I integrate my enthusiasm for culture and architecture with my passion as an educator. West Town/Noble Square area is home for me.

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With our Chicago neighborhoods, vibrant cultural institutions and nearly two centuries of larger-than-life stories, there’s never a dull moment here! I’m a fifth generation Chicagoan and a graduate of Washington University in St. Louis. In addition to guiding tours, I’m a creative writer and amateur genealogist. I also enjoy the city’s dynamic theater scene. You can also read overlooked stories from 19th-century newspapers on my “Second Glance History” blog. I live in River North.

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Chicago is unique as it always evolves into the future while holding on to the past. I’m fascinated by how people latch on to old architecture but happily pave over others. My background is in theater and performance and I’ve been a tour guide here for more than 10 years. Currently I’m finishing my Master’s in Public History at Loyola University because I love to teach the history of this scrappy city. I’m in the Edgewater neighborhood.

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Chicago’s history is so fascinating, you could spend a lifetime uncovering its secrets…I’m willing to give it a try! I have an M.A. in US History from the University of Nevada-Las Vegas and then pursued doctoral studies in Urban History at the University of Illinois at Chicago. I love to learn new aspects of Chicago’s rich history and then share my knowledge as a tour guide with Chicago Detours. I live in Ravenswood.

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As a fourth generation Chicagoan, I have been living and loving Chicago by bike, on foot, public transit or automobile. I am a graduate of UIC where through the College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs, began my eagerness to understand the nature, history and impacts of urban planning and development. It is incredibly rewarding to give back to this wonderful city by helping out in the office of Chicago Detours. I live in the incredibly diverse neighborhood of Albany Park.
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Content Manager and Tour Guide

Chicago has so many neighborhoods, buildings, and by-ways that it’s hard to go long without seeing something new, or something familiar from a new angle. I studied Cinema History for my M.A. from the University of Chicago. I’ve worked as a culture writer for various publications and as an educator of the humanities at the City Colleges of Chicago. I’m thrilled to share my love of this city’s busy past and unique architectural spaces with Chicago Detours. I live in the Chicago neighborhood of Lincoln Park.

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Amanda Scotese

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I’m an interpreter of personal stories from the past and the city’s landscape. I love to imagine what originally happened inside old unmarked buildings, and what forces have shaped their design. I studied Chicago history, architectural history, and anything Chicago-related through my M.A. in the Humanities at the University of Chicago. My love for stories was enriched by my B.A. in Literature from the University of Michigan. I’ve written travel articles for publications like Rick Steves’ Italy best-selling travel guides, the San Francisco Bay Guardian, and The Chicago Food Encyclopedia. I live in the Chicago neighborhood of West Avondale.
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